El ritual central de la Pachamama o
fiesta de la Madre Tierra es la challa o pago,
implica un acto de reciprocidad.
Aunque se ha popularizado
el primer día del mes de agosto como día principal
para su realización, de hecho se lo practica
durante todo el mes, y en muchos lugares
también el primer viernes de cada mes.
Las ceremonias están a cargo de
personas ancianas o de mayor autoridad
moral dentro de cada comunidad.
En el caso del pueblo aimara esta persona
recibe el nombre de ‘yatiri’.
Ritual de la Pachamama en la Universidad Nacional de Lanús,
UNLa También se realizan ceremonias a la Pachamama
en ocasiones especiales,
como al partir de viaje o
al pasar por una apacheta.
Según Mario Rabey y Rodolfo Merlino
―antropólogos argentinos que han estudiado
la cultura andina desde los años setenta a los noventa,
«el ritual más importante es el challaco».
Challaco es una deformación de los vocablos quechuas
ch’allay y ch’allakuy, que se refieren a la acción
de ‘rociar insistentemente’,
‘aspergar’;
2 en el lenguaje corriente de los campesinos
del sur de los Andes Centrales,
la palabra challar se usa como sinónimo
de ‘dar de comer y beber a la tierra’.
El challaco, tal como se practica en la zona estudiada,5
abarca una compleja serie de pasos rituales
que comienzan en las viviendas familiares
la noche de la víspera, durante la cual se
cocina una comida especial, la tijtincha, y
que culminan en un ojo de agua o la toma
de una acequia donde se realiza el ritual
principal a la Pachamama, con una serie de
ofrendas que incluyen comida, bebida,
hojas de coca y cigarros.6
La religión centrada en la Pachamama
se practica en la actualidad en forma
paralela al cristianismo,
al punto tal que muchas familias son
simultáneamente cristianas y pachamamistas. 7
En Bolivia la Pachamama es identificada
con la Virgen de Copacabana en La Paz,8
la Virgen de Urkupiña en Cochabamba,9
y la Vírgen del Socavón en Oruro. 10
En Perú, específicamente en Puno,
la Pachamama es identificada con la Virgen de la Candelaria.
Visión católica en el siglo XXI
El papa Francisco, el nuevo teólogo de la Tierra
– según Juan Arias-
en la flamante encíclica Laudato si ( Alabado seas),
en un acercamiento a la visión andina ha afirmado:
«El gemido de la hermana Tierra
se une al gemido de los abandonados del mundo»
en una rotunda expresión de rechazo
ante la voraz explotación de los
recursos naturales en provecho de
una minoría consumista y el deterioro
morada del hombre: La Tierra»
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